Brief episodes of focal brain, spinal cord or retinal ischemia with clinical symptoms usually lasting less than a 24 hours and without evidence of acute infarction.

Non-modifiable risk factors: Age > 65, male gender, family history

Modifiable risk factors: Hypertension, diabetes, smoking, hypercholesterolemia, 

Often have resolved by examination, but hemiparesis, visual loss, sensory symptoms and speech impairment may still be present

These depend on the areas of brain involved and can present as brief episodes of visual loss, speech disturbance, hemiparesis or sensory symptoms

Bloods: FBC, U&E, Calcium, Magnesium, lipid profile, glucose, TFTs 

Imaging: CT or MRI brain – assess for ischaemic changes

Carotid Doppler – assess for carotid stenosis

ECG: Assess for arrhythmias; may require 24 hour tape

Echo: Assess for structural abnormality and valve function 

Address modifiable risk factors, antiplatelets (aspirin, clopidogrel), statin and antihypertensives.

ABCD2 score