Reading Time:

Pathology

Degeneration of motor neurons in the cortex, brainstem (corticobulbar tracts), cranial motor nuclei and anterior horn cells in the spinal cord resulting in various neurological symptoms

Aetiology

Sporadic or familial (5-10%): SOD1, TDP43 mutations

Signs

Upper motor neuron: Spasticity, brisk reflexes, positive Babinski
Lower motor neuron: Fasciculations, muscle wasting and weakness.
 Bulbar symptoms such as dysarthria, dysphagia, tongue  fasciculations/atrophy, brisk jaw jerk.

Symptoms

Gait difficulties, dysphagia, dysarthria and weakness. No sensory involvement..

Investigations

Imaging: MRI brain and spine to exclude other diagnoses
Special tests: Nerve conduction studies/electromyography show signs of chronic denervation in muscles

Treatment

Medical: Riluzole (anti glutamate antagonist) only licensed treatment available
Supportive: Non-invasive ventilation, PEG feeding and communication aids

Prognosis

Average survival is usually between 2 – 5 years from onset 
5 year survival is 25%.
Infection, incontinence, spasticity, depression, dysphagia

Key Facts

Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, sapien platea morbi dolor lacus nunc, nunc ullamcorper. Felis aliquet egestas vitae, nibh ante quis quis dolor sed mauris.

Key Images

Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, sapien platea morbi dolor lacus nunc, nunc ullamcorper. Felis aliquet egestas vitae, nibh ante quis quis dolor sed mauris.

Key References

Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, sapien platea morbi dolor lacus nunc, nunc ullamcorper. Felis aliquet egestas vitae, nibh ante quis quis dolor sed mauris.