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Pathology

Damage to cranial nerves IX,X,XI and XII – upper motor neuron lesions

Aetiology

Difficulty with speech and swallowing 

Signs

Sensorineural deafness

Symptoms

Tongue weakness, facial muscle weakness

Investigations

Clinical Examination: Assess Gag reflex and uvular deviation

Treatment

Dependent on underlying cause

Prognosis

Dependent on underlying cause

Key Facts

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Key Images

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Key References

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